The Five Pillars of Zero Trust Security

NetFoundry | The Five Pillars of Zero Trust Security

The Cybersecurity Landscape is Undergoing a Seismic Shift

Traditional perimeter-based security models, once considered infallible, are now riddled with vulnerabilities, exposed by sophisticated cyber threats and insider attacks. The surgical precision of these attacks has revealed a shocking truth – trust can be a network’s undoing. This calls for a paradigm shift towards a security model that assumes breach and verifies every access request, regardless of origin. This leads us to Zero Trust, a model predicated on the principle, “Never trust, always verify.”

This article delves into the foundational pillars of a Zero-Trust Architecture, a model designed to withstand and thrive in the unpredictable storm of data breaches, hacks, and insider threats.

What is Zero Trust Security and Why It Matters

Zero Trust security is a cybersecurity framework that operates on the principle that nothing inside or outside the organization’s network is to be trusted implicitly. It requires strict identity verification for every person and device trying to access resources on a private network, regardless of their location. This approach minimizes the attack surface, prevents unauthorized access, and thwarts lateral movement by implementing least-privilege access, micro-segmentation, and continuous monitoring of network activity. Zero Trust ensures that only authenticated and authorized users and devices can access applications and data, thereby enhancing the organization’s overall security posture

The Five Pillars of Zero Trust

A Zero Trust Architecture reframes the conventional security model by advocating for stringent verification and constant validation across all network interactions. This holistic approach is segmented into five critical zero trust pillars:

  1. Identity Verification
  2. Device Trust
  3. Microsegmentation
  4. Least Privilege Access
  5. Data Protection and Encryption

The goals of a Zero Trust architecture are to strengthen data security, improve defense against cyber threats, ensure secure access control, and reduce the risk of insider attacks by verifying everything and trusting nothing within a network.

Let’s Dive Into Each of the 5 Zero Trust Pillars

  • Identity Verification: This pillar represents the cornerstone of Zero Trust Identity, advocating for rigorous identity verification and continuous authentication. Understanding and implementing the Identity pillar involves navigating through initiatives like centralized identity management systems, phishing-resistant Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA), and dynamic user authorization mechanisms—each aimed at ensuring secure and appropriate access in a zero-trust environment. Wondering about more? Immerse yourself in our full-pledged Guide about the role of Identity in a zero-trust architecture.

  • Device Trust: Before granting access, devices are assessed to ensure they meet the organization’s security standards. This can include checking for up-to-date security patches and not being jailbroken or rooted. In the context of Zero Trust, we are talking about somewhat intelligent devices connected to the internet. This includes simple home devices to sophisticated industrial equipment, sometimes referred to as the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). To implement this pillar, organizations must participate in CISA’s Continuous Diagnostics and Mitigation (CDM) program for reliable asset inventories and better monitoring. They must also ensure Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) tools meet CISA’s technical requirements, are widely deployed, and enable proactive detection of cybersecurity incidents.

  • Microsegmentation: To minimize lateral movement post-breach, Zero Trust advocates network segmentation and microsegmentation. The network is divided into secure zones to control user access and reduce the attack surface. This pillar ensures secure communication and reduces reliance on perimeter-based defenses by isolating systems and applications from each other.

  • Least Privilege Access: Users are granted the minimum levels of access—or permissions—needed to perform their job functions, limiting the potential damage from a breach. This pillar includes embedding security into applications from the ground up, leveraging strategies like Kubernetes Zero Trust in containerized environments or OpenZiti zero trust networking embedded in applications. These robust security measures offer foolproof protection against potential security breaches and help maintain the integrity of your applications.

  • Data Protection and Encryption: The final pillar emphasizes encrypting and safeguarding data, ensuring only authorized access to data at rest and in transit. In the context of Zero Trust, end-to-end encryption (E2EE) is a critical security measure that ensures data transmitted across a network is encrypted from the source (sender) to the destination (receiver), with no ability for intermediaries to decrypt it. This practice aligns with Zero Trust principles by securing data integrity and confidentiality, ensuring that even if a network is compromised, the data remains protected from unauthorized access. E2EE helps enforce data privacy and security policies by limiting data access to only the communicating users, thus supporting the Zero Trust mandate of never trusting and always verifying every access request.

Zero Trust Benefits and Impact

Implementing the five pillars of a Zero Trust architecture brings several key benefits:

  • Enhanced Security: By verifying every access request, regardless of where it originates, Zero Trust minimizes the attack surface and reduces the risk of both external attacks and insider threats.

  • Improved Compliance: Zero Trust helps organizations meet stringent regulatory requirements for data protection by implementing strict access controls and data security measures.

  • Reduced Data Breach Impact: By segmenting the network and applying least-privilege access controls, Zero Trust limits how much damage a potential breach can cause, as attackers can’t easily move laterally across the network.

  • Greater Visibility and Control: Continuous monitoring and logging of all network and user activities enhance visibility into network traffic and user behavior, enabling more effective detection and response to anomalies.

  • Scalability and Flexibility: Zero Trust architectures are adaptable to varying network environments, including cloud and hybrid systems, making them suitable for modern, dynamic IT ecosystems.

  • Increased Trust in IT Environment: With robust security measures in place, stakeholders can have greater confidence in the IT environment’s ability to protect sensitive data and systems.


Overall, Zero Trust provides a comprehensive framework for protecting an organization’s data and resources in an increasingly complex and threat-prone digital landscape.

Considerations and Zero Trust Best Practice

Embarking on a Zero Trust journey requires thoughtful planning and execution. Organizations should conduct thorough risk assessments and adopt a phased implementation approach. Embracing change management, educating stakeholders, and choosing the right technology partners are paramount to success.

Implementing a Zero Trust solution effectively involves several best practices to ensure the architecture aligns with the organization’s specific security needs and operational requirements. Here are some of the key best practices:

  • Define the Protect Surface: Identify critical data, assets, applications, and services that need protection. Understanding what you need to protect is the first step in applying Zero Trust principles effectively.

  • Map the Transaction Flows: Understand how traffic moves within your environment. This helps you design a network that aligns with the principle of least privilege and creates effective microsegments.

  • Architect from the Inside Out: Start with securing the most valuable or sensitive resources and expand outward. This approach prioritizes protection where it is most needed.

  • Establish Strict Access Controls and Authentication: Implement multi-factor authentication (MFA) and least privilege access controls. Every access request should be authenticated, authorized, and encrypted.

  • Utilize Microsegmentation: Divide the network into smaller, manageable segments to control access and movement within the network, thus reducing the attack surface.

  • Employ Endpoint Security Measures: Ensure all devices are secure before granting access. This includes maintaining device health checks, implementing security patches, and managing device configurations.

  • Enhance Monitoring and Analytics: Deploy security technologies that provide visibility into all network and data access activities. Use advanced analytics to detect anomalies and potential threats.

  • Automate Security Processes: Use security Orchestration, Automation, and Response (SOAR) tools to increase efficiency in detecting, responding to, and mitigating incidents.

  • Conduct Regular Audits and Simulations: Regularly test and validate the effectiveness of your Zero Trust architecture through audits and penetration testing to identify and address vulnerabilities.

  • Educate and Train Employees: Continuously educate employees about cybersecurity risks and Zero Trust policies to ensure they understand how to operate securely within a Zero Trust environment.

Zero Trust Framework Example: OpenZiti

OpenZiti is an open-source framework for building secure, Zero Trust, software-defined network access solutions across the internet.

Incorporating OpenZiti can significantly streamline the process of adopting Zero Trust security and networking in an organization. OpenZiti facilitates the uncomplicated embedding of Zero Trust Networking and SDN/SDWAN principles into anything from devices to clouds. It offers authenticate-before-connect capabilities, end-to-end encryption, and micro-segmentation, among others, without the need for traditional VPNs or inbound firewall ports. With OpenZiti, organizations can leapfrog to a ubiquitous high-level Zero Trust Architecture, underscoring security, flexibility, and simplicity.

NetFoundry and OpenZiti

NetFoundry is a software company focused on providing Zero Trust Internet-overlay networking as a service (NaaS). The company is the original creator of OpenZiti and is still the most significant contributor to the OpenZiti project. Netfoundry uses this open-source software framework to provide secure, programmable networking solutions and services, implementing principles such as Zero Trust and secure access. It is designed to facilitate the creation of applications that securely transmit data over the internet, without the need for traditional VPNs or custom hardware.

NetFoundry leverages the OpenZiti framework to build its commercial products, providing its customers with enhanced security and performance features. By contributing to OpenZiti, NetFoundry supports the development of a robust open-source tool that aligns with their business interests in secure network connectivity, promoting an ecosystem where security and networking are accessible and scalable. This relationship helps NetFoundry maintain a leading edge in technology while fostering a community around secure, open-source networking solutions.

Applying the Five Pillars of Zero Trust to Key Industries

The Five Pillars of Zero Trust—Identity Verification, Device Trust, Microsegmentation, Least Privilege Access, and Data Protection and Encryption—are essential for fortifying security across various sectors. Here’s how these pillars apply to NetFoundry’s three primary industries: Software Providers, IIoT and B2B Product Providers, and Service Providers.

  1. Software Providers

    Identity Verification: Software providers must ensure that only authenticated users can access development environments and production systems. By implementing strong identity verification processes, such as multi-factor authentication (MFA), they can protect their intellectual property and customer data from unauthorized access.

    Device Trust: Software providers often use various devices to access development environments and cloud services. Ensuring that these devices meet security standards before granting access helps prevent breaches caused by compromised devices. Tools like Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) can help maintain device integrity.

    Microsegmentation: Microsegmentation allows software providers to isolate different environments (development, testing, production) from each other. This prevents lateral movement of threats within the network and limits the potential damage of a breach to a single environment.

    Least Privilege Access: By applying least privilege access, software providers ensure that users have only the necessary permissions to perform their tasks. This minimizes the risk of insider threats and unauthorized access to sensitive information.

    Data Protection and Encryption: Encrypting data both at rest and in transit ensures that even if data is intercepted, it remains unreadable to unauthorized parties. This is particularly important for protecting sensitive customer information and proprietary code.

    Example: A software company integrates NetFoundry to secure its cloud-based ERP and CRM platforms when deployed on-premise at its customers’ sites. By implementing microsegmentation, each customer’s data is isolated, ensuring that a breach in one account doesn’t affect others. Policy-based access controls grant customer support agents limited access based on their role, and enhanced identity governance ensures robust user authentication.

  2. IIoT and B2B Product Providers

    Identity Verification: IIoT and B2B product providers manage a wide array of connected devices. Enhanced identity governance ensures that each device has a unique, verifiable identity, preventing unauthorized devices from accessing the network.

    Device Trust: Ensuring device trust is crucial for IIoT environments where devices often operate in remote or harsh conditions. Regular health checks and security patches help maintain device integrity and secure communication channels.

    Microsegmentation: Microsegmentation allows IIoT providers to create secure zones for different operational functions. Separating manufacturing processes from administrative functions, for example, helps protect sensitive data and reduces the attack surface.

    Least Privilege Access: Implementing least privilege access ensures that operators and technicians can access only the systems they need to perform their duties. This limits the potential impact of any compromised credentials.

    Data Protection and Encryption: Encrypting data transmitted between IIoT devices and central systems ensures that sensitive operational data remains secure. This is essential for maintaining the integrity and confidentiality of industrial processes.

    Example: An industrial equipment manufacturer uses NetFoundry to secure remote access to its machinery. Enhanced identity governance ensures that only authorized service technicians can access the control systems, and microsegmentation isolates each machine’s network segment. Software-defined perimeters make the control systems invisible to external threats, while the hardware root of trust ensures device integrity.

  3. Service Providers

    Identity Verification: Service providers handle sensitive client data and systems, making strong identity verification essential. Multi-factor authentication (MFA) ensures that only authorized personnel can access client environments.

    Device Trust: Service providers often use multiple devices to manage client systems. Ensuring that these devices meet security standards before granting access helps prevent breaches caused by compromised devices.

    Microsegmentation: Microsegmentation allows service providers to isolate different client networks from each other. This prevents a breach in one client’s environment from affecting others, ensuring each client’s data remains secure.

    Least Privilege Access: By applying least privilege access, service providers ensure that their technicians have only the necessary permissions to perform their tasks. This reduces the risk of insider threats and unauthorized access to client data.

    Data Protection and Encryption: Encrypting data at rest and in transit ensures that sensitive client information is protected from interception and unauthorized access. This is critical for maintaining client trust and meeting regulatory requirements.

    Example: An MSSP leverages NetFoundry to provide its clients secure, remote management services. Each client’s network is segmented using microsegmentation, and policy-based access controls ensure that support staff can only access the systems they are responsible for. Enhanced identity governance verifies the identities of support staff, and software-defined perimeters protect client systems from external threats.

Implement the Five Pillars of Zero Trust

In conclusion, the seismic shifts in the cybersecurity landscape underscore the urgent need for a robust and adaptive security model. Zero Trust architecture, with its core principles of “never trust, always verify,” provides a comprehensive framework to protect an organization’s sensitive data and critical systems. The detailed exploration of its five pillars—Identity Verification, Device Trust, Microsegmentation, Least Privilege Access, and Data Protection and Encryption—illustrates how Zero Trust secures corporate environments by preventing unauthorized access and minimizing the impact of breaches.

Implementing these practices not only bolsters security but also enhances compliance, reduces operational risks, and improves network visibility. As cybersecurity threats continue to evolve, adopting Zero Trust and integrating solutions like OpenZiti will be crucial for organizations aiming to fortify their defenses and ensure data integrity in a progressively interconnected world. The synergy between NetFoundry and OpenZiti demonstrates a forward-thinking approach, leveraging open-source innovation to advance network security and resilience, which is vital for thriving in today’s digital ecosystem.

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